1. Definition of Applied Linguistic

Some definition according to the sources:
Applied Linguistics is, in our view, a coherent activity which theorizes through
speculative and empirical investigations real-world problems in which language
is a central issue. By careful selection of topic (and of author) we intend to
offer a coherent account of applied linguistics as an independent and coherent
discipline, which, like similar vocational activities (for example general medicine,
business studies, applied psychology, legal studies) seeks to marry practical
experience and theoretical understanding of language development and language
in use.
Source: The Handbook of Applied Linguistics Team Nanban - e-book

Language teaching and applied linguistics are fields which have their own
core subject matter and which also draw on a number of complementary
fields of study. Among the core subject matter disciplines are second
language acquisition, methodology, testing, and syllabus design. The
complementary fields of study include both the language based disciplines
such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics, as well as the
education based disciplines such as curriculum development, teacher
education, and evaluation. The result is that students taking courses in
language teaching and applied linguistics encounter a large number of
specialized terms which frequently occur in articles, books and lectures.
Source: Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (e-book)

Applied linguistics is an umbrella term that covers a wide set of numerous areas of study connected by the focus on the language that is actually used.
Source : Kamil Wisniewski , Anglozof.com

According to Widdowson (1979) in Hrehovcik (2005: 215), Applied Linguistics is a spectrum of inquiry which extends from theoretical studies of language to classroom practice.  

2. The Scope of Applied Linguistic

Phonetics

Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received.

Phonology

Phonology is the study of how speech sounds function in a language, it studies the ways speech sounds are organized. It can be seen as the functional phonetics of a particular language.

Morphology

Morphology is the study of the formation of words. It is a branch of linguistics which breaks words into morphemes. It can be considered as the grammar of words as syntax is the grammar of sentences.

Syntax

Syntax deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction.

Semantics

Semantics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects. Words have several types of meanign.

Pragmatics

Pragmatics can bedefined as the study oflanguage in use. It deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from lingistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaningof speakers. PRAGMATICS =MEANING-SEMANTICS.

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics studies the relations between language and society: how social factors influence the structure and use of language.

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics is the study of language and mind: the mental structures and processes which are involved in the acquistion, comprehension and production of language.

Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics is the study of language processing and language representation in the brain. It typically studies the disturbances of language comprehension and production caused by the damage of certain areas of the brain.

Stylistics

Stylistics is the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features. It usually refers to the study of written language, including literary text, but it also investigates spoken language sometimes.

Discourse analysis

Discourse analysis, or text linguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used. It deals with how sentences ins poken and written language form larger meaningful units.

Computational linguistics

Computational linguistics is an approach to linguistics which employs mathematical techniques, often with the help of a computer.

Cognitive linguistics

Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.

Applied linguistics

Applied linguistics is primarily concerned with the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience. 

 

The conclusion to my definition from my sources:

Applied linguistics are fields which have their own core subject matter and which also draw on a number of fields of study, in which the disciplines are second language acquisition, methodology, testing, and syllabus design. It is the unity of knowledge of some language studies that can be used to influence language performance.

Name : Swastika Mahatmarani

SRN : 2201410045

1. Definition of Applied Linguistic

Some definition according to the sources:
Applied Linguistics is, in our view, a coherent activity which theorizes through
speculative and empirical investigations real-world problems in which language
is a central issue. By careful selection of topic (and of author) we intend to
offer a coherent account of applied linguistics as an independent and coherent
discipline, which, like similar vocational activities (for example general medicine,
business studies, applied psychology, legal studies) seeks to marry practical
experience and theoretical understanding of language development and language
in use.
Source: The Handbook of Applied Linguistics Team Nanban - e-book

Language teaching and applied linguistics are fields which have their own
core subject matter and which also draw on a number of complementary
fields of study. Among the core subject matter disciplines are second
language acquisition, methodology, testing, and syllabus design. The
complementary fields of study include both the language based disciplines
such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics, as well as the
education based disciplines such as curriculum development, teacher
education, and evaluation. The result is that students taking courses in
language teaching and applied linguistics encounter a large number of
specialized terms which frequently occur in articles, books and lectures.
Source: Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (e-book)

Applied linguistics is an umbrella term that covers a wide set of numerous areas of study connected by the focus on the language that is actually used.
Source : Kamil Wisniewski , Anglozof.com

According to Widdowson (1979) in Hrehovcik (2005: 215), Applied Linguistics is a spectrum of inquiry which extends from theoretical studies of language to classroom practice.  

2. The Scope of Applied Linguistic

Phonetics

Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received.

Phonology

Phonology is the study of how speech sounds function in a language, it studies the ways speech sounds are organized. It can be seen as the functional phonetics of a particular language.

Morphology

Morphology is the study of the formation of words. It is a branch of linguistics which breaks words into morphemes. It can be considered as the grammar of words as syntax is the grammar of sentences.

Syntax

Syntax deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction.

Semantics

Semantics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects. Words have several types of meanign.

Pragmatics

Pragmatics can bedefined as the study oflanguage in use. It deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from lingistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaningof speakers. PRAGMATICS =MEANING-SEMANTICS.

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics studies the relations between language and society: how social factors influence the structure and use of language.

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics is the study of language and mind: the mental structures and processes which are involved in the acquistion, comprehension and production of language.

Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics is the study of language processing and language representation in the brain. It typically studies the disturbances of language comprehension and production caused by the damage of certain areas of the brain.

Stylistics

Stylistics is the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features. It usually refers to the study of written language, including literary text, but it also investigates spoken language sometimes.

Discourse analysis

Discourse analysis, or text linguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used. It deals with how sentences ins poken and written language form larger meaningful units.

Computational linguistics

Computational linguistics is an approach to linguistics which employs mathematical techniques, often with the help of a computer.

Cognitive linguistics

Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.

Applied linguistics

Applied linguistics is primarily concerned with the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience.

Name : Swastika Mahatmarani

SRN : 2201410045

1. Definition of Applied Linguistic

*Applied linguistics is applying theoretical linguistics to actual data.
Source : Vivian Cook, Newcastle University
*Applied linguistics in one of its manifestations can be defined as that knowledge of language that can be used to influence language performance.
Source  : Wiley Online Library
*Applied linguistics is an umbrella term that covers a wide set of numerous areas of study connected by the focus on the language that is actually used.
Source : Kamil Wisniewski , Anglozof.com
*Applied linguistics is an area of work that deals with language use in professional settings, translation, speech pathology, literacy, and language education; and it is not merely the application of linguistic knowledge to such settings but is a semiautonomous and interdisciplinary . . . domain of work that draws on but is not dependent on areas such as sociology, education, anthropology, cultural studies, and psychology."
(Alastair Pennycook, Critical Applied Linguistics: A Critical Introduction. Routledge, 2001)
*According to Widdowson (1979) in Hrehovcik (2005: 215), Applied Linguistics is a spectrum of inquiry which extends from theoretical studies of language to classroom practice.


2. The Scope of Applied Linguistic

Scope of linguistics

Micro-linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Macro-linguistics includes sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, stylistics, discourse analysis, computational linguistics, cognitive linguistics, and applied linguistics.

Micro-linguistics

Phonetics

Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received.

Phonology

Phonology is the study of how speech sounds function in a language, it studies the ways speech sounds are organized. It can be seen as the functional phonetics of a particular language.

Morphology

Morphology is the study of the formation of words. It is a branch of linguistics which breaks words itno morphemes. It can be considered as the grammar of words as syntax is the grammar of sentences.

Syntax

Syntax deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction.

Semantics

Semantics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects. Words have several types of meanign.

Pragmatics

Pragmatics can bedefined as the study oflanguage in use. It deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from lingistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaningof speakers. PRAGMATICS =MEANING-SEMANTICS.

Macrolinguistics

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics studies the relations between language and society: how social factors influence the structure and use of language.

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics is the study of language and mind: the mental structures and processes which are involved in the acquistion, comprehension and production of language.

Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics is the study of language processing and language representation in the brain. It typically studies the disturbances of language comprehension and production caused by the damage of certain areas of the brain.

Stylistics

Stylistics is the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features. It usually refers to the study of written language, including literary text, but it also investigates spoken language sometimes.

Discourse analysis

Discourse analysis, or text linguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used. It deals with how sentences ins poken and written language form larger meaningful units.

Computational linguistics

Computational linguistics is an approach to linguistics which employs mathematical techniques, often with the help of a computer.

Cognitive linguistics

Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.

Applied linguistics

Applied linguistics is primarily concerned with the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience. 

Name : Swastika Mahatmarani

SRN : 2201410045

SLA Chapter 4

Social Aspects of Interlanguage

The prevailing perspective on interlanguage is psycholinguistic. SLA has also acknowledge the importance of social factors.

3 different approaches to incorporating a social angle of the study of SLA:

1. Different ‘styles’ which learners call upon under different conditions of language use.
2. How social factors determine the input that learners use to construct their interlanguage.
3. How the social identities that learners negotiate in their interactions with native speakers shape their opportunities to speak and learn an L2.

Interlanguage as A Stylistic Continuum

Elaine Tarone è Interlanguage involves:

1. Stylistic continuum

Learners develop a capability for using the L2. This is compromised of a number of different ‘styles’ which learners access in with a variety of factors. It explains why learner language is variable and suggests that an interlanguage grammar, although different form a native speaker’s grammar, is constructed according to the same principles. It also has problems:

ü  Learners are not always most accurate in their careful style and least accurate in their vernacular style.

ü  The role of social factors remains unclear. Native speakers use a careful style with non-familiar addresses, especially if they are socially subordinate to them.

2. Careful style

Learners are consciously attending to their choice of linguistic forms. They feel the need to be ‘correct.

3. Vernacular style

Learners are making spontaneous choices of linguistic form (free conversation)

Example: Japanese learners improved their ability to use /z/ accurately in their careful style (when reading lists of words) than in their vernacular style (in free speech).

In short, Tarone’s theory relates more to psycholinguistic rather than social factors.

Another theory which is more obviously social is Howard Gile’s:

Accommodation theory

This explains how a learner’s social group influences the course of SLA. When people interact with each other they either try to make their speech similar to that of their addressee to emphasize social cohesiveness (convergence) or to make it different in order to emphasize their social distinctiveness (divergence). It’s been suggested that SLA involves ‘long-term convergence’. When social conditions are that learners are motivated to converge on native-speaker norms (speak like native speakers). Social factors, mediated through the interactions that learners take part in, influence both how quickly they learn and the actual route that they follow.

Social factors influence interlanguage development via the impact they have on the attitudes learners engage in.

The Acculturation Model of SLA

John Schumann’s acculturation model, built around the metaphor of ‘distance’. Learners fail to acculturate to the target-language (TL) group when they are unable / unwilling to adapt to a new culture. The main reason is social distance, which individual learners become members of a TL group and therefore achieve contact with them. There are 2 problems:

1. It fails to acknowledge that factors like ‘integration pattern’ and ‘attitude’ are not fixed and static but, potentially, variable and dynamic, fluctuating in with learner’s changing social experiences.
2. It fails to acknowledge that learners are not just subject to social conditions but can also the subject of them.

Social Identity and Investment in L2 Learning

Bonny Pierce è Language learners have complex social identities that can be understood in terms of power relations that shape structures. ‘Multiple and contradictory’ requires investment something learners will only make if they believe their efforts will increase the value of their ‘cultural capital’ (give them access to the knowledge that will enable them to function successfully in a variety of social contexts). SLA involves a ‘struggle’ ad ‘investment’.

Learners are not computers who battle on their efforts. Successful learners are those who reflect critically on how they engage with native speakers and who are prepared to challenge the accepted social order.

In such situations social conditions determine the extent of learners’ contact with the L2 and their commitment to learning it.